Selected Bibliography of Studies About Defensive Sprays

National Institute of Justice Technology Assessment Program, "Oleoresin Capsicum:  Pepper Spray as a Force Alternative," March 1994.

International Association of Chiefs of Police Executive Brief, "Pepper Spray and In-Custody Deaths," by John Granfield, Jami Onnen, and Charles S. Petty, M.D., March 1994.

International Association of Chiefs of Police Executive Brief, "Less-than-Lethal Weapons:  New Solutions for Law Enforcement," by Lois Pilant, December 1993.

International Association of Chiefs of Police Executive Brief, "Oleoresin Capsicum," Jami Onnen, June 1993.

"Personal defense sprays:  effects and management of exposure," Robert J. Lee, O.D., M.S.; Robert L. Yolton, Ph.D., O.D.; Diane P. Yolton, Ph.D., O.D., Cristina Schnider, O.D., M.S.; and Michael J. Janin, Journal of the American Optometric Association, Vol. 67, No. 9, pp. 548-560, September 1996.

Baltimore County, Maryland, Police Department, "Pepper Spray Evaluation Project:   Results of the Introduction of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) into the Baltimore County, MD, Police Department, June 21, 1995.

Fung T, Jeffrey W, Beveridge AD.  The identification of capsaicinoids in tear-gas spray. J Forensic Sci 1982; 27(4):812-21.

Sanford JP.  Medical aspects of riot control (harassing) agents. Annu Rev Med 1976; 27:421-9

Hu H.  Toxicodynamics of riot-control agents (lacrimators). In: Somani SM, ed. Chemical warfare agents. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992: 271-87.

Anonymous.  Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1970: 50-3.

Rose S, Smith R.  CS – a case for concern. New Scientist 1969; 43:468-9.

Beswick FW.  Chemical agents used in riot control and warfare. Hum Toxicol 1983; 2(2):247-56.

Athanaselis S, Poulos L, Mourtzinis D, et al.  Lacrimatory agents: self-defense devices or dangerous weapons? J Toxicol-Cut Ocular Toxicol 1990; 9(1):3-8.

Compton JAF.  Military chemical and biological agents. Caldwell, NJ: Telford Press, 1988.

Rengstorff RH.  Tear gas and riot control agents: a review of eye effects. Optom Weekly 1969; 60(37):25-8.

MacLeod IF.  Chemical mace: ocular effects in rabbits and monkeys. J Forensic Sci 1969; 14(1):34-47.

Levine RA, Stahl CJ.  Eye injury caused by tear-gas weapons. Am J Ophthalmol 1968; 65(4):497-508.

Leopold IH, Lieberman TW.  Chemical injuries of the cornea. Fed Proc 1971; 30(1):92-5.

Weinberg MH, Buford CC, Bird IF, et al.  The clinical use of chemical mace. J Med Soc N J 1970; 67(3):101-3.

Himsworth H.  Report of the enquiry into the medical and toxicological aspects of CS (orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile). London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office: 1971.

Penneys NS, Israel RM, Indgin SM.  Contact dermatitis due to 1-chloroacetophenone and chemical mace. New Engl J Med 1969; 281(8):413-5.

Penneys NS.  Contact dermatitis due to chloroacetophenone. Fed Proc 1971; 30(1):96-9.

Frazier CA.  Contact allergy to mace. JAMA 1976; 236(22):2526.

Chapman AJ, White C.  Death resulting from lacrimatory agents. J Forensic Sci 1978; 23(3):527-30.

Hu H, Fine J, Epstein P, et al.  Tear gas – harassing agent or toxic chemical weapon? JAMA 1989; 262(5):660-3.

Ballantyne B, Swanston DW.  The irritant potential of dilute solutions of ortho-chlorobenzylidene malon onitrile (CS) on the eye and tongue. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1973: 32(3):266-77.

Lee BH, Knopp R, Richardson ML.  Treatment of exposure to chemical personal protection agents (letter). Ann Energ Med 1984; 13(6):487-8.

Ro YS, Lee CW.  Allergic contact sensitization due to CS. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30(8):576-7.

Folb Pl, Talmud J.  Tear gas – its toxicology and suggestions for management of its acute effects in man (editorial). S Afr Med J 1989; 76(7):295.

Jones GR.  CS gas: an antidote and decontaminant. Mil Med 1991; 156(11):A6-7.

Govindarajan VS.  Capsicum – production, technology, chemistry, and quality—Part II. Processed products, standards, world production and trade (published erratum appears in CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1987; 25(3):283). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1986; 23(3):207-88.

Govindarajan VS, Sathyanarayana MN.  Capsicum – production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 29(6):435-74.

Buck SH, Burks TF.  The neuropharmacology of capsaicin: review of some recent observations. Pharmacol Rev 1986; 38(3):179-226.

Govindarajan VS.  Capsicum—production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part III. Chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1986; 24(3):245-355.

Monsereenusorn Y, Kongsamut S, Pezalla PD.  Capsaicin – a literature survey. Crit Rev Toxicol 1982; 10(4):321-39.

Cordell GA, Araujo OE.  Capsaicin: identification, nomenclature, and pharmacotherapy. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27(3):330-6.

Miller B, Davis P.  Police find a whiff of pepper can work wonders in a pinch. Washington Post. D, 1:2. Aug 10, 1992.

National Institute of Justice Technology Assessment Program.  Oleoresin capsicum: pepper spray as a force alternative. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1994.

Gonzalez GG, Rubia PG, Gallar J. Belmonte C.  Reduction of capsaicin-induced ocular pain and neurogenic inflammation by calcium antagonists. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34(12):3329-35.

Lundblad L, Hua XY, Lundberg JM.  Mechanisms for reflexive hypertension induced by local application of capsaicin and nicotine to the nasal mucosa. Acta Physiol Scand 1984; 121(3):277-82.

Geppetti P, Fusco BM, Marabini S, et al.  Secretion, pain and sneezing induced by the application of capsaicin to the nasal mucosa in man. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 93(3):509-14.

Smith JG Jr, Crounse RG, Spence D.  The effects of capsaicin on human skin, liver, and epidermal lysosomes. J Invest Dermatol 1970; 54(2):170-3.

Fuller RW, Dixon CM, Barnes PJ.  Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58(4):1080-4.

Blanc P, Liu D, Juarez C, Boushey HA.  Cough in hot pepper workers. Chest 1991; 99(1):27-32.

Collier JG, Fuller RW.  Capsaicin inhalation in man and the effects of sodium cromoglycate. Br J Pharmacol 1984; 81(1):113-7.

Midgren B, Hansson L, Karlsson JA, Simonsson BG.  Capsaicin-induced cough in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146(2):347-51.

Palecek F, Santī Ambrogio G, Santī Ambrogio FB, Mathew OP.  Reflex responses to capsaicin: intravenous, aerosol, and intratracheal administration [published errata appear in J Appl Physiol 1990; 68(1):following Table of Contents and 1990; 68(6):following 2701]. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67(4):1428-37.

Granfield J, Onnen J, Petty C.  Pepper spray and in-custody deaths. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1994.

Logman C.  Cap-stun weapons systems – law enforcement and military technical information. Camden, SC: Zarc International, Inc., 1993.

Nowicki E. Too hot to handle. American Handgunner 1994;10-6.

Grant WM.  Toxicology of the eye: effects on the eyes and visual system from chemicals, drugs, metals and minerals, plants, toxins and venoms: also, systemic side effects from eye medications. 3^rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1986.

Hill RM.  Isopropyl alcohol. ICLC 1988; 15(8):262-3

Roseman MJ, Hill RM.  Aerobic responses of the cornea to isopropyl alcohol, measured in vivo. Acta Ophthalmol 1987; 65(3):306-12.

Cucinell SA, Swentzel KC, Biskup R, Snodgrass H, et al.  Biochemical interactions and metabolic fate of riot control agents. Fed Proc 1971; 30(1):86-91.

Marrs TC, Colgrave HF, Cross NL, et al.  A repeated dose study of the toxicity of inhaled 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) aerosol in three species of laboratory animal. Arch Toxicol 1983; 52(3):183-98.

Weigand D.  Cutaneous reaction to the riot control agent CS. Mil Med 1969; 134(6):437-40.

U.S. Army.  Treatment of chemical agent casualties and conventional military chemical injuries. U. S. Army FM 8-285. Falls Church VA: HQDA (DASG-HCD), 1990.

Kok-van Aalphen CC, van der Linden JW, Visser R, et al.  Protection of the police against tear gas with soft lenses. Mil Med 1985; 150(8):451-4.

Royal WW.  Soft contacts and law enforcement. Contact Lens Forum 1977; 2(3):15-7.

Bhattacharya ST, Hayward AW.  CS gas—implications for the anaesthetist. Anaesthesia 1993; 48(10):896-7.

Vogl TP.  Treatment of Hunan hand [letter]. New Engl J Med 1982; 306(3):178.

Dupuy B, Thompson H, Beuerman R.  Capsaicin: a psychophysical tool to explore corneal sensitivity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988; 29(suppl):454 (abstract).

Reynolds JEF, ed.  The extra pharmacopoeia. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.

Burnett JW.  Capsicum pepper dermatitis. Cutis 1989; 43(6):534.

Jones LA, Tandberg D, Troutman WG, et al.  Household treatment for chile burns of the hands. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1987; 25(6):483-91.

Benezra C. Ducombs G, Sell Y, et al.  Plant contact dermatitis. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, Inc., 1985.

Macrae WG, Willinsky MD, Basu PK.  Corneal injury caused by aerosol irritant projectors. Can J Ophthalmol 1970; 5(1):3-11.

Oksala A, Salminen L.  Eye injuries caused by tear-gas hand weapons. Acta Ophthalmol 1975; 59(6):908-13.

Rose L.  Mace, a dangerous police weapon. Ophthalmologica 1969; 158(Suppl):448-54.

Berger CM, Christensen RE, Lee DA.  Evaluation of intraocular pressure after systemic absorption of mace. Glaucoma 1992; 14(2):46-7.

Rengstorff RH.  The effects of the riot-control agent CS on visual acuity. Mil Med 1969; 134(3):219-21.

Rengstorff RH, Mershon MM.  CS in trioctyl phosphate: effects on human eyes. Mill Med 1971; 136(2):152-3.

Rengstorff RH, Mershon MM.  CS in water. II. Effects on human eyes. Mil Med 1971; 136(2):149-51.

Rengstorff RH, Sim VM, Petrali JP.  CS in water. I. Effects of massive doses sprayed into the eyes of rabbits. Mil Med 1971; 136(2):146-8.

Petersen KK, Schroder HM, Eiskjaer SP.  [CS tear gas spray as an injurious agent. Clinical aspects.] Ugeskr-Laeger 1989; 151(22):1388-9.

Klyve P.  [Tear gas and eye injuries.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992; 112(2):203-5.

Ballantyne B, Gazzard MF, Swanston DW, et al.  The ophthalmic toxicology of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Arch Toxicol 1974; 32(3):149-68.

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